Municipal broadband deployments are broadband Internet admission casework provided either absolutely or partially by bounded governments. Common affiliation technologies cover actionable wireless (Wi-Fi, wireless cobweb networks), accountant wireless (such as WiMAX), and fiber-optic. Although abounding cities ahead deployed Wi-Fi based solutions, borough fiber-to-the-home networks are acceptable added arresting due to added appeal for avant-garde audio and video applications, which are accretion bandwidth requirements by 40% per annum.1
Tuesday, February 14, 2012
Operation
Most borough broadband networks abstain sometimes capricious hub and batten administration models and use cobweb networking instead.2 This adjustment involves relaying radio signals throughout the accomplished city-limits via a alternation of admission credibility or radio transmitters, anniversary of which is affiliated to at atomic two added transmitters. Cobweb networks accommodate reliable user admission and are aswell faster to body and beneath big-ticket to run than the hub and batten configurations. Internet admission can aswell be anchored through the accession of a wireless router to an absolute active affiliation – a acceptable adjustment for Internet admission accouterment in baby centralized areas. Although wireless routers are about reliable, their casual abortion agency no Internet availability in that centralized area. This is why companies now use cobweb networking in another to hub and batten configurations.
Three basal models for the operation and allotment of Wi-Fi networks accept emerged:
Networks advised alone for use by borough casework (fire, police, planners, engineers, libraries, etc.). Borough funds are acclimated to authorize and run the network;
Quasi-public networks for use by both borough casework and clandestine users endemic by the city-limits but operated for accumulation by clandestine companies ("private hot spots"). Such networks are adjourned by distinctively appropriate tax revenues again operated and maintained on a accountable base by clandestine account providers;
Clandestine account providers application accessible acreage and rights of way for a fee. These acquiesce for in-kind accouterment of clandestine admission to accessible rights of way to build-out and advance clandestine networks with a 'lease payment' or allotment of profits paid to the municipality.
In Stockholm, the city-limits endemic Stokab provides arrangement basement through aphotic cilia to several hundred account providers who accommodate assorted another casework to end users.3 Reggefiber in the Netherlands fulfils a agnate role. The Utah Telecommunication Open Basement Agency provides account at one arrangement band college through a cilia network. This system's accommodation is wholesaled to fifteen account providers who in about-face accommodate retail casework to the market. A final archetypal is the accouterment of all layers of service, such as in Chaska, Minnesota, area the city-limits has congenital and operates a Wi-Fi Internet arrangement that provides email and web hosting applications. These altered models absorb altered public-private affiliation arrangements, and capricious levels of befalling for clandestine area competition.
In the U.S. a few states accept banned borough broadband, others accept belted it, and some accept adapted it afterward advisable business affairs and studies. In 2007, three bills apropos the affair were awaiting afore the U.S. Congress. One would accept affirmed borough broadband, one would accept belted it, and one would accept banned it. The Community Broadband Act of 2007, created "to advance competition, to bottle the adeptness of bounded governments to accommodate broadband adequacy and services, and for added purposes", never became law.45
Incumbent telecommunications and cable companies adulatory to advance their ascendancy in the bazaar accept complained that government antagonism is unfair. Added arrangement operators accept beheld it as an befalling to aggrandize their market. The Chargeless Press, the Media Admission Project, and the ACLU accept all appear out in favor of borough broadband.
The about-face of New Orleans provided the catalyst to body a metro-scale wireless broadband arrangement to bear chargeless accessible Internet account alongside communications for government and emergency services. Bell South threatened the city-limits with acknowledged actioncitation needed if the New Orleans borough arrangement connected to be run by the city. Consequently, the arrangement was awash to a third-party company.
Three basal models for the operation and allotment of Wi-Fi networks accept emerged:
Networks advised alone for use by borough casework (fire, police, planners, engineers, libraries, etc.). Borough funds are acclimated to authorize and run the network;
Quasi-public networks for use by both borough casework and clandestine users endemic by the city-limits but operated for accumulation by clandestine companies ("private hot spots"). Such networks are adjourned by distinctively appropriate tax revenues again operated and maintained on a accountable base by clandestine account providers;
Clandestine account providers application accessible acreage and rights of way for a fee. These acquiesce for in-kind accouterment of clandestine admission to accessible rights of way to build-out and advance clandestine networks with a 'lease payment' or allotment of profits paid to the municipality.
In Stockholm, the city-limits endemic Stokab provides arrangement basement through aphotic cilia to several hundred account providers who accommodate assorted another casework to end users.3 Reggefiber in the Netherlands fulfils a agnate role. The Utah Telecommunication Open Basement Agency provides account at one arrangement band college through a cilia network. This system's accommodation is wholesaled to fifteen account providers who in about-face accommodate retail casework to the market. A final archetypal is the accouterment of all layers of service, such as in Chaska, Minnesota, area the city-limits has congenital and operates a Wi-Fi Internet arrangement that provides email and web hosting applications. These altered models absorb altered public-private affiliation arrangements, and capricious levels of befalling for clandestine area competition.
In the U.S. a few states accept banned borough broadband, others accept belted it, and some accept adapted it afterward advisable business affairs and studies. In 2007, three bills apropos the affair were awaiting afore the U.S. Congress. One would accept affirmed borough broadband, one would accept belted it, and one would accept banned it. The Community Broadband Act of 2007, created "to advance competition, to bottle the adeptness of bounded governments to accommodate broadband adequacy and services, and for added purposes", never became law.45
Incumbent telecommunications and cable companies adulatory to advance their ascendancy in the bazaar accept complained that government antagonism is unfair. Added arrangement operators accept beheld it as an befalling to aggrandize their market. The Chargeless Press, the Media Admission Project, and the ACLU accept all appear out in favor of borough broadband.
The about-face of New Orleans provided the catalyst to body a metro-scale wireless broadband arrangement to bear chargeless accessible Internet account alongside communications for government and emergency services. Bell South threatened the city-limits with acknowledged actioncitation needed if the New Orleans borough arrangement connected to be run by the city. Consequently, the arrangement was awash to a third-party company.
Advantages
Municipal broadband offers a amount of advantages to consumers and to the economy. Such networks generally accommodate top acceleration Internet admission for free, if not added cheaply than added accepted broadband account providers. Altered cities accept altered models according to their needs. In the case of St. Cloud, Florida's, a borough broadband arrangement offers chargeless admission to anybody as does Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.6 Borough broadband not alone accommodate top acceleration Internet admission for chargeless it aswell lowers prices, creates competition, and boosts bread-and-butter development. These advantages advice accumulate prices down and networks activity efficiently. Borough broadband companies are faced with a consistently alteration and awful aggressive bazaar with abounding operators. This keeps prices down and makes broadband affordable in rural and low-income communities. In a 2004 White House report, the President alleged for "universal, affordable admission for broadband technology by the year 2007" and "plenty of technology choices if it comes to purchasing broadband".7
Worker abundance can aswell admission as a aftereffect of borough broadband by giving city-limits admiral such as badge admiral and firefighters limited admission to information. Intelligent carriage systems await on fiber-optic basement to arrangement and administer bags of cartage signals in ample city-limits areas every day. Building inspectors can affair letters and admission networked abstracts while administering inspections. Accessible barrio in limited areas can be affiliated through Wi-Fi after the amount of cilia or clandestine telecommunications contracts. Badge admiral can admission aegis cameras, blueprints, bent annal and added all-important information. Networks can acquiesce admiral to appearance assemblage mug shots or "virtual lineups" at the arena of a crime, instead of at a badge station. The Department of Homeland Aegis provides allotment for cities that use borough networks for these applications.8
Not alone does borough broadband advice accessible agents with their jobs, it aswell helps abutting the agenda divide. Such casework advice arch the gap by accouterment humans with accessible admission to the Internet. This allows low assets families, travelers, and city-limits admiral to admission important advice after bread-and-butter considerations in mind. The accent of chargeless Internet admission is based on advice availability, for archetype acceptance with no home based admission are able to log on to the Internet application borough broadband. Commentators achievement that borough broadband networks will accomplish cities added adorable to businesses, abnormally high-tech and analysis companies, which are abased on communication. Advice aswell enables baby and home-based businesses to participate in all-embracing and bounded commerce. Borough broadband aswell allows companies to recruit new advisers who can telecommute after physically relocating.9
In 2000, the Federal Communications Commission accustomed borough broadband as a "best practice" for bringing broadband to beneath served communities.10 The FCC aswell addressed the catechism of whether a city was an "entity" beneath the Telecommunications Act which mandates that "No Accompaniment or bounded statute or regulation, or added Accompaniment or bounded acknowledged requirement, may prohibit or accept the aftereffect of prohibiting the adeptness of any article to accommodate any artery or intrastate telecommunications service." 47 USC 253(a). The acknowledged catechism revolved about whether a accompaniment could anticipate a municipality, as its accessory government body, from entering the telecommunication market. In the case of Missouri Borough League v. Nixon,11 the U.S. Supreme Court assured that a city was not an article beneath the Telecommunications Act and that a accompaniment could actuate what ascendancy its own accessory jurisdictions had.
Governments accept the advantage of getting able to yield a continued appellation appearance and address off investments in borough broadband over best time periods. Clandestine companies on the added hand, abnormally about traded ones, accept to appearance advantage in a actual abbreviate period. This indicates that governments are the best entities to actualize a broadband network—as infrastructure—then acquiesce clandestine companies to run it and bear casework such as IPTV, telephony and Internet access. In this way, governments are able to actualize a aggressive ambiance area the arrangement buyer does not actuate which casework consumers can receive. "Structurally separation" or "functional separation" are agreement generally acclimated to call broadband as basement that is accessible to all account providers. Governments may aswell be apprenticed by their admiration to lay down analytical broadband basement that serves a beyond constituency fabricated up of individuals, baby businesses, schools, government entities and account providers. Building open-access bounded broadband networks can advice with the basement of a boondocks and accommodate allowances to the townspeople that atone for the costs involved.1 Having a publicly-owned basement provides a absolute aftereffect in bread-and-butter development as it attracts added locally endemic businesses who can await on top acceleration Internet access to advice their businesses. Such networks aswell bear all-over advantage in areas area clandestine companies cannot own and accomplish accessible broadband networks. Enhanced casework are included whereby townspeople can account from a greater assortment of value-added products. Aegis is a added affair with the charge for a reliable chip accelerated communications basement at both a civic and a bounded akin all-important for hospitals, schools, businesses etc. to accommodate a quick and ample calibration responses to emergencies.
Worker abundance can aswell admission as a aftereffect of borough broadband by giving city-limits admiral such as badge admiral and firefighters limited admission to information. Intelligent carriage systems await on fiber-optic basement to arrangement and administer bags of cartage signals in ample city-limits areas every day. Building inspectors can affair letters and admission networked abstracts while administering inspections. Accessible barrio in limited areas can be affiliated through Wi-Fi after the amount of cilia or clandestine telecommunications contracts. Badge admiral can admission aegis cameras, blueprints, bent annal and added all-important information. Networks can acquiesce admiral to appearance assemblage mug shots or "virtual lineups" at the arena of a crime, instead of at a badge station. The Department of Homeland Aegis provides allotment for cities that use borough networks for these applications.8
Not alone does borough broadband advice accessible agents with their jobs, it aswell helps abutting the agenda divide. Such casework advice arch the gap by accouterment humans with accessible admission to the Internet. This allows low assets families, travelers, and city-limits admiral to admission important advice after bread-and-butter considerations in mind. The accent of chargeless Internet admission is based on advice availability, for archetype acceptance with no home based admission are able to log on to the Internet application borough broadband. Commentators achievement that borough broadband networks will accomplish cities added adorable to businesses, abnormally high-tech and analysis companies, which are abased on communication. Advice aswell enables baby and home-based businesses to participate in all-embracing and bounded commerce. Borough broadband aswell allows companies to recruit new advisers who can telecommute after physically relocating.9
In 2000, the Federal Communications Commission accustomed borough broadband as a "best practice" for bringing broadband to beneath served communities.10 The FCC aswell addressed the catechism of whether a city was an "entity" beneath the Telecommunications Act which mandates that "No Accompaniment or bounded statute or regulation, or added Accompaniment or bounded acknowledged requirement, may prohibit or accept the aftereffect of prohibiting the adeptness of any article to accommodate any artery or intrastate telecommunications service." 47 USC 253(a). The acknowledged catechism revolved about whether a accompaniment could anticipate a municipality, as its accessory government body, from entering the telecommunication market. In the case of Missouri Borough League v. Nixon,11 the U.S. Supreme Court assured that a city was not an article beneath the Telecommunications Act and that a accompaniment could actuate what ascendancy its own accessory jurisdictions had.
Governments accept the advantage of getting able to yield a continued appellation appearance and address off investments in borough broadband over best time periods. Clandestine companies on the added hand, abnormally about traded ones, accept to appearance advantage in a actual abbreviate period. This indicates that governments are the best entities to actualize a broadband network—as infrastructure—then acquiesce clandestine companies to run it and bear casework such as IPTV, telephony and Internet access. In this way, governments are able to actualize a aggressive ambiance area the arrangement buyer does not actuate which casework consumers can receive. "Structurally separation" or "functional separation" are agreement generally acclimated to call broadband as basement that is accessible to all account providers. Governments may aswell be apprenticed by their admiration to lay down analytical broadband basement that serves a beyond constituency fabricated up of individuals, baby businesses, schools, government entities and account providers. Building open-access bounded broadband networks can advice with the basement of a boondocks and accommodate allowances to the townspeople that atone for the costs involved.1 Having a publicly-owned basement provides a absolute aftereffect in bread-and-butter development as it attracts added locally endemic businesses who can await on top acceleration Internet access to advice their businesses. Such networks aswell bear all-over advantage in areas area clandestine companies cannot own and accomplish accessible broadband networks. Enhanced casework are included whereby townspeople can account from a greater assortment of value-added products. Aegis is a added affair with the charge for a reliable chip accelerated communications basement at both a civic and a bounded akin all-important for hospitals, schools, businesses etc. to accommodate a quick and ample calibration responses to emergencies.
Disadvantages
Although borough broadband may be accessible to many, there is a catechism as to whether it is capital and if so at what cost. Borough broadband credo and technology accept circuitous issues with abundant acknowledged implications, all of which have to be advised if installing borough broadband or wireless networking. Social focus needs to be directed at government agencies who accredit borough broadband, appropriately dictating its availability and price.clarification bare What does this mean? As a almost new and improvable concept, borough broadband is still abundantly adapted by both the FCC and alone accompaniment guidelines and standards. Universal broadband casework cannot be implemented after accurate governmental-policy agitation in acclimation the use of the broadband.citation needed A abstraction by the Reason Foundation begin that awful activating wireless Internet technology allows for a college accident for providers. There are aswell apropos over amount gouging or "elasticity of demand", a abstraction that will force Internet account providers to accommodate a connected bend of appropriate offerings and lower prices.citation needed
Legally and politically, the issues surrounding broadband are numerous, but a aggregation of abstruse issues are yet to be overcome, such as how citywide wireless Internet can abstain interfering with transmissions by added Internet and arrangement providers. There are aswell four important bread-and-butter aspects to be advised with the account to borough broadband:
Which providers are currently accouterment account in a accurate breadth or region?
What will be the aftereffect on accepted providers economically, socially, and individually?
Will the accession be adjourned by local, state, or civic government?
Who will be amenable for on-going maintenance?
Of these four areas, the allotment catechism is the a lot of arguable and accidental aloft the acceptance that civic government should armamentarium broadband. There are apropos over complete aggregation and ascendancy of the Internet getting placed in government calmly beneath projects ultimately adjourned by the taxpayer. Although borough broadband has the abeyant to accommodate a bewilderment in concepts of appropriate or wrong, affluent or poor, and articulacy or illiteracy, the technology can either plan to abatement the anytime growing agenda bisect or ability just as calmly accomplish it wider.citation needed
Legally and politically, the issues surrounding broadband are numerous, but a aggregation of abstruse issues are yet to be overcome, such as how citywide wireless Internet can abstain interfering with transmissions by added Internet and arrangement providers. There are aswell four important bread-and-butter aspects to be advised with the account to borough broadband:
Which providers are currently accouterment account in a accurate breadth or region?
What will be the aftereffect on accepted providers economically, socially, and individually?
Will the accession be adjourned by local, state, or civic government?
Who will be amenable for on-going maintenance?
Of these four areas, the allotment catechism is the a lot of arguable and accidental aloft the acceptance that civic government should armamentarium broadband. There are apropos over complete aggregation and ascendancy of the Internet getting placed in government calmly beneath projects ultimately adjourned by the taxpayer. Although borough broadband has the abeyant to accommodate a bewilderment in concepts of appropriate or wrong, affluent or poor, and articulacy or illiteracy, the technology can either plan to abatement the anytime growing agenda bisect or ability just as calmly accomplish it wider.citation needed
Successful implementation in Bristol, VA
In 2003, in the almost abandoned city-limits of Bristol, Virginia, Bristol Virginia Utilities (BVU), created a nonprofit adjunct alleged "Optinet", a borough broadband Internet account that covers Bristol as able-bodied as the Southwest allocation of the accompaniment of Virginia. Serving about 9,500 customers,12 BVU is accustomed as the "first borough account in the United States to arrange an all-fiber arrangement alms the amateur play of video, articulation and abstracts services".12 On October 29, 2009, BVU accustomed USD 3.5 actor in admission allotment from the Virginia Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revelitalization Commission.13 With these funds BVU will body "an added 49 afar of its OptiNet fiber-optic courage from Abingdon up I-81 to Virginia Route 16 from Marion into Grayson County".13 This will aswell acquiesce for BVU to accomplish a additional affiliation with Mid Atlantic Broadband, accretion advice amid altered businesses in Northern Virginia. The Virginia Tobacco Community adjourned this activity because it provided their business with added access in acute areas of the southwest and southern allotment of Virginia.
The U.S. Department of Commerce aswell adjourned BVU. On July 3, 2010, it was appear that they gave USD 22.7 actor in bang funds to Southwest Virginia to actualize a "388-mile optic courage through an eight-county region".14 This activity will account over 120 institutions, such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, and abounding added besides.14 This new municipals broadband account will aswell be aural a two-mile ambit of over 500 altered businesses.14 This activity aswell created 295 new jobs.14 BVU Optinet continues accomplish a able borough broadband Internet account for Bristol and abounding added counties in Virginia.
The U.S. Department of Commerce aswell adjourned BVU. On July 3, 2010, it was appear that they gave USD 22.7 actor in bang funds to Southwest Virginia to actualize a "388-mile optic courage through an eight-county region".14 This activity will account over 120 institutions, such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, and abounding added besides.14 This new municipals broadband account will aswell be aural a two-mile ambit of over 500 altered businesses.14 This activity aswell created 295 new jobs.14 BVU Optinet continues accomplish a able borough broadband Internet account for Bristol and abounding added counties in Virginia.
Finance
In an accomplishment to abutment U.S. federal government agencies attempting to arrange broadband casework added widely, in a 2009 address the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation abundant amount estimates of accouterment "fiber optic connectivity to ballast institutions" in the United States. The institutions advised in the address were accessible schools, accessible libraries, hospitals and association colleges, with an estimated absolute amount of USD 5–10 billion.15
On February 17, 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act became law in an accomplishment to body the economy, abetment in job conception and retention, and advance U.S. infrastructure. It allocated $4.7 billion to authorize a Broadband Technology Opportunities Program as allotment of the National Telecommunications and Information Agency State Broadband Data and Development Admission Program. A allocation of allotment awards were allocated to extend and advance broadband casework to ability rural and "underserved areas" as able-bodied as to advance broadband admission for accessible assurance agencies.1617
According to the Muni Wireless website,18 In February 2010, the NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration) awarded a $126.3 actor admission to the Executive Office of the State of West Virginia to advance the state's broadband structure.19 That admission was allotment of the federal government's all-embracing broadband bang to assertive areas of the United States. With 2,400 afar of fiber, it is planned to advance the area's broadband connectivity and access its all-embracing acceleration in places like schools, government offices, accessible libraries, etc.
On February 17, 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act became law in an accomplishment to body the economy, abetment in job conception and retention, and advance U.S. infrastructure. It allocated $4.7 billion to authorize a Broadband Technology Opportunities Program as allotment of the National Telecommunications and Information Agency State Broadband Data and Development Admission Program. A allocation of allotment awards were allocated to extend and advance broadband casework to ability rural and "underserved areas" as able-bodied as to advance broadband admission for accessible assurance agencies.1617
According to the Muni Wireless website,18 In February 2010, the NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration) awarded a $126.3 actor admission to the Executive Office of the State of West Virginia to advance the state's broadband structure.19 That admission was allotment of the federal government's all-embracing broadband bang to assertive areas of the United States. With 2,400 afar of fiber, it is planned to advance the area's broadband connectivity and access its all-embracing acceleration in places like schools, government offices, accessible libraries, etc.
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